nicotine

            Nicotine is an alkaloid compound found in tobacco plants as a natural insecticide and potential replacement for synthetic insecticides. Nicotine has biodegradable properties by natural factors so that does not leave a residue on the host plant. Isolation of nicotine can be done by maceration technique and followed by solvent extraction using chloroform. Isolation technique is quite simple and can produce isolates that contain nicotine in concentrations large enough and relatively unspoiled. The purpose of this study was to determine the time and the optimum volume for isolate maceration nicotine than 50 grams of dried tobacco leaves and to know pengruh rough isolates nicotine as natural insecticides against armyworms (Spodoptera litura).

NICOTINE

Tobacco production are abundant in Indonesia only useful as the tobacco industry are extremely negative impact on human health. Tobacco contains the alkaloid nicotine is bad for human health is also highly toxic to insects that nicotine can be used by humans As with the rice stem borer insecticide.

In this research, isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves dried soxhletasi by using methanol and then do the salting with acid and alkaline extraction of alkaloids with. The extract obtained was then purified by TLC, and column chromatography. After it was analyzed using IR, UV, and GC-MS. Other tobacco extracts tested for its effectiveness as an insecticide rice stem borers by spraying the rice seedbed with various concentrations.

From the results of TLC analysis using prices obtained methanol solution developers Rf = 0.725. IR spectra analysis results indicate a tertiary aromatic amine, methyl, tertiary amine alifatis and aromatic CH bonds. The results of GC-MS chromatograms showed nicotine compounds appear at the top of the retention time = 9.245 s and 63% similarity index, this suggests that the tobacco alkaloid nicotine contained. Results from UV spectrophotometers generate maximum wavelength 206 nm indicating kearomatisan of pyridine ring in nicotine. Tobacco extracts are used to test the effectiveness of the rice stem borer, rice plants by spraying in which there is the rice stem borer, obtained Fhitung = 19,061 and F table = 3.48. Because Ftabel <Fhitung then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted, the concentration of tobacco leaf extracts affect its effectiveness as an insecticide rice stem borer.

MID SEMESTERS EXAM ANSWERS CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

NAME : DESI FEBRIANTI

NIM : RSA1C110011

1.    how to convert a compound of natural ingredients that do not have the potential (inactive) can be made into a superior compound that has the potential of high biological activity that is the way the sample determination, preparation and extraction, phytochemical screening test, test taksisitas, antioxidant test, column chromatography, and the determination molecular structure.
For example: the ant nest
The results of the study on the color reaction test showed that the extract contains phenols, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids. TLC test showed positive extract contains tannins and flavonoids. Antibacterial test method used in this study by measuring the clear zone pitting caused by the ethanol extract of tubers anthill with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Positive controls used were ciprofloxacin 50ppm and negative controls were: DMSO. The results showed that the average diameter of clear zone obtained from the concentration of 10% to 50% is 1.540 cm, 1.752 cm, 1.945 cm, 2.033 cm and 2.076 cm. Research data obtained was analyzed by using the non-parametric Anova test krusskal-wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. The results of this study concluded that ethanol extract of tuber anthill has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 growth and there is a power difference between the concentration of antibacterial extract given.

2.    In nature there are many chemical compounds that have benefits for humans, especially as drugs but sometimes the presence of these compounds is very limited so the chemist and pharmacy trying to make a clone of the compound in the laboratory in which we are familiar with the term synthesis. One example is the compound kalkon:
Kalkon is one of a group of flavonoids that are very limited distribution in nature and is found only in a few groups of plants in small amounts. On the other hand, this kalkon compounds have useful biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, so it needs an effort to get kalkon compounds by synthesis. From several studies suggest that group-containing compound kalkon methylenedioxy (-O-CH2-O-) have activity as an antibacterial, so in this study will be the synthesis of compounds derived kalkon with piperonal and Acetophenone. Synthesis of 3,4-metilendioksikalkon through Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction between piperonal and Acetophenone using NaOH catalyst with various Concentrations of NaOH catalyst is added at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%. Results extracted using methylene chloride and then the solvent is evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The next stage characterization of physical properties of synthetic products and their structures analyzed using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis and FT-IR. After that tested the antibacterial activity against bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. Compounds synthesized solid form, is yellow and has a melting point of 80-85 ° C. UV-Vis Data converting the presence of two peaks, namely at λ 264 nm roomates is the absorption of benzoyl and λ 358 nm is the absorption sinamoil roomates. Data shows IR absorption spectra of the carbonyl group (C = O) at wavenumber 1658.7 cm-1, C = C aromatic absorption at wavenumber 1589.2 cm-1 and absorption at wavenumber 2923.9 cm-1 shows vibrational Csp3-H of methylene group (CH2 ). From these data it can be concluded that the compound 3,4-metilendioksikalkon been formed. Highest Yield of 72.58% was obtained at a concentration of 70% NaOH. From the results of the antibacterial test, the greatest inhibition zone Occurs at Concentrations of 3% roomates is 3 mm against E. coli and 2.5 mm against S. aureus.

3.    Determination of the principal rules of the solvent compounds is a natural material choice of solvent to be used in the extraction process. Principles underlying the selection of a solvent in the extraction process is a rule of "like dissolve like ', polar compounds roomates means should be analyzed together with polar solvents. Extraction is generally performed for the separation of the laboratories, such as the separation of organic compounds (organic phase) of the aqueous solution (water phase) by using a solvent is not miscible roomates (Harvey 2000).
In the selection of the solvent to be used, be aware of the nature of chemical Constituents (metabolites) to be extracted. Important property is polar and polar groups on the compound to be extracted as an OH group, COOH, as well as other functional groups. By knowing the nature of the metabolites be extracted, it can Easily be selected a suitable solvent by polar metabolites and solvents. Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents. In general, the extraction is done in a row starting with non-polar solvents (hexane or benzene) and a semi-polar solvents (ethyl acetate or diethyl ether), and then with a polar solvent (methanol or ethanol). Would thus obtained crude extract containing consecutive non-polar compounds, semi-polar and polar compounds (Hostetmann et al. 1997). Extraction with non-polar solvents Usually required for the removal of fat before it is extracted with a suitable solvent. Thus, the extracts be obtained free of fat (Harborne 1996).
For example:
1) material flavonoid compounds from plants that are commonly used polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol. Flavonoids are compounds that will dissolve in the polar solvent methanol and ethanol Because it has the same polarity properties. In addition to soluble polar, several flavonoid compounds are also known to be separated by semi-polar solvent. Likely this is due to the nature of polar compounds roomates growing niche to dissolve in polar solvents with higher levels lower
2) alkaloids, caffeine such as coffee powder dissolved in diethyl ether is non-polar Because so as to dissolve the caffeine roomates is also non-polar, but is also due to the low boiling point of chloroform. Because if the high boiling point solvent means possible to approach the boiling point of caffeine can lead to caffeine obtained crystals evaporate so little. With a low boiling point solvent, allowing it to evaporate only kloroformnya.
3) terpenoids soluble organic compounds such as ethers and alcohols.
4) Steroids have semipolar properties can be extracted with chloroform. Moreover, it can also by fat solvents such as ether, benzene, carbontetrachlorida, xylene and alcohol.

4.    Examples of compounds of structural determination of caffeine, can be done with infrared spectroscopy. To produce the following data:


With infrared spectroscopy, the structure of caffeine contained in the sample can be determined, ie the typical absorption data from multiple functional groups, or with menbandingkan with standard IR spectrum of caffeine. From the results, it can spektorskopi diketahhui compound structure through cluster-Sugus functions contained therein.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol, from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid) followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic chemical substance classified as a waxy steroid of fat. It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity.
In addition to its importance within cells, cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by animals; in vertebrates it is formed predominantly in the liver. Small quantities are synthesized in other cellular organisms (eukaryotes) such as plants and fungi. It is almost completely absent among prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria).
Although cholesterol is important and necessary for human health, high levels of cholesterol in the blood have been linked to damage to arteries and cardiovascular disease.
François Poulletier de la Salle first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones, in 1769. However, it was only in 1815 that chemist Eugène Chevreul named the compound "cholesterine"

Physiology

Since cholesterol is essential for all animal life, each cell synthesizes it from simpler molecules, a complex 37-step process which starts with the intracellular protein enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. However, normal and especially high levels of fats (including cholesterol) within the blood circulation, depending on how it is transported within lipoproteins, are strongly associated with progression of atherosclerosis.
For a person of about 68 kg (150 pounds), typical total body-cholesterol synthesis is about 1 g (1,000 mg) per day, and total body content is about 35 g, primarily located within all the membranes of all the cells of the body. Typical daily dietary intake of additional cholesterol, in the United States, is 200–300 mg.
However, most ingested cholesterol is esterified and esterified cholesterol is poorly absorbed. The body also compensates for any absorption of additional cholesterol by reducing cholesterol synthesis.  For these reasons, cholesterol intake in food has little, if any, effect on total body cholesterol content or concentrations of cholesterol in the blood.
Cholesterol is recycled. The liver excretes it in a non-esterified form (via bile) into the digestive tract. Typically about 50% of the excreted cholesterol is reabsorbed by the small bowel back into the bloodstream.
Some plants make cholesterol in very small amounts.  Plants manufacture phytosterols (substances chemically similar to cholesterol produced within plants), which can compete with cholesterol for reabsorption in the intestinal tract, thus potentially reducing cholesterol reabsorption.  However, phytosterols are foreign to animal cells and, if absorbed, accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis. When intestinal lining cells absorb phytosterols, in place of cholesterol, they usually excrete the phytosterol molecules back into the GI tract, an important protective mechanism.

Biosynthesis

All animal cells manufacture cholesterol with relative production rates varying by cell type and organ function. About 20–25% of total daily cholesterol production occurs in the liver; other sites of higher synthesis rates include the intestines, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs. Synthesis within the body starts with one molecule of acetyl CoA and one molecule of acetoacetyl-CoA, which are hydrated to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA). This molecule is then reduced to mevalonate by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This step is the regulated, rate-limiting and irreversible step in cholesterol synthesis and is the site of action for the statin drugs (HMG-CoA reductase competitive inhibitors).
Mevalonate is then converted to 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate in three reactions that require ATP. Mevalonate is decarboxylated to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which is a key metabolite for various biological reactions. Three molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate condense to form farnesyl pyrophosphate through the action of geranyl transferase. Two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate then condense to form squalene by the action of squalene synthase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Oxidosqualene cyclase then cyclizes squalene to form lanosterol. Finally, lanosterol is then converted to cholesterol.
Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.